Apadāna numbers provided in {fancy brackets} correspond to the BJTS edition, which contains more individual poems than does the PTS edition dictating the main numbering of this translation.↩

BJTS reads Upasiva, “Extremely Blessed” or “Very Fortunate One,” but Upasīva is a historical monk and PTS follows the spelling of the earlier record of him, the Upasīva­māṇava­pucchchā of SN (v. 1069-1076; sixth sutta of the Parāyanavagga). There, but not in Apadāna, he is said to have been a follower of Bāvarī prior to joining the Buddhists.↩

PTS reads anūpa-titthe (“on a watery bank”), BJTS reads anupatitthe (and glosses accordingly kuḍā toṭuvala, “on the small bank”)↩

read pāṭhīna, Silurus Boalis, “a kind of shad” (RD); wikipedia gives “sheatfish,” related to catfish, includes all the siluridae. BJTS glosses peṭiyō↩

pāvusa, glossed as “large-mouth fish”, cf. pāgusa, patusa, BJTS glosses lūllu↩

reading valajā with BJTS, which treats it as a type of fish (Sinh. valayō), for PTS jalajā, lit., “water-born”, a generic word for “fish”.↩

muñja, more common as a kind of reed, also the name of a fish (BJTS glosses moddu), always in dvandva compound with rohita, “red-fish”↩

rohita, BJTS glosses reheru↩

reading maggurā with BJTS, which glosses the term as magurō, for PTS vaggula (= vagguli, bat? Or fr. vaggu, beautiful, hence “pretty fish”?)↩

Jonesia Asoka, Saraca asoca; a large, flowering tree↩

“little-flowers,” BJTS implies it could be the name of a specific tree or a generic description, “trees with small flowers”↩

punnāga = Sinhala domba, Alexandrian laurel, Calophyllum inophyllum↩

giripunnāga↩

kuṭaja, Nerium antidysenterica (used for diarrhea, as its name implies), aka Arctic Snow, winter cherry, Wrightia antidysenterica, Wrightia zeylanica, nerium zeylanica, Sinhala kelinda↩

tiṇasūlavanāni = “Arabian jasmine,” Sinhala bōlidda↩

shorea robusta↩

PTS salaḷā, BJTS salalā, BJTS Sinh.gloss = hora = “large timber tree yielding rezin and oil, Dipterocarpus zeylanicus (Dipterocarp.)” (Bot. dict.)↩

The cchampaka (Sinh. sapu) tree is Magnolia champaca, formerly classified as michelia champaca. English names for the tree include Champak, Joy Perfume Tree, Yellow Jade Orchid Tree and Fragrant Himalayan Champaca. It was the Bodhi tree of the seventeenth Buddha of the Buddhavaṃsa, Atthadassi. It has highly fragrant cream to yellowish-colored blossoms.↩

kakudha (a.k.a. ajjuṇa, Sinhala kumbuk gasa, kubuk, Terminalia arjuna) is an impressively large, shade-giving tree that thrives on the edges of tanks and lakes.↩

atimutta = atimuttaka? RD: a plant, Gaertnera Racemosa = Hiptage, hiptage benghalensis, stout, high-climbing vine, now invasive species in Florida, scented pink-white flowers, medicinal uses. BJTS glosses Sinh. yohombu (Bot. Dict. = yohombu väla = yon tumba, an annual creeper, Trichodesma zeylanicum).↩

mahānāmā. Following BJTS Sinhala gloss as uk, sugarcane, Sacchcharum officinarum (Gram.)↩

asana, Pentaptera tomentosa, = a.k.a. crocodile-bark tree, Indian laurel, silver grey wood, white chuglam. The Bodhi tree of Tissa Buddha. BJTS glosses as piyā gasa = bakmī = Sarcocephalus cordatus (Rubi.)↩

“honey-scented”↩

or Bimbajāla, a flowering tree, Sinh. rat karavū, Phyllanthus indicus (Euphorb.), the Bodhi tree of Dhammadassi Buddha↩

uddālaka = Cassia fistula, Sinh. äsaḷa↩

pāṭali is Sinh. paḷol, Bignonia suaveolens, sterospermum suaveolens (Bignon.), trumpet-flower tree, the Bodhi Tree of Vipassi Buddha. Cf. #71, #78, #96, #248, #369{372}.↩

yūthikā = Sinh. sīnidda = jasminum auriculatum↩

piyaṅgukā. RD: “[cp. Vedic priyangu] 1. panic seed, Panicum Italicum Vv 537; J i.39; PvA 283. Mixed with water and made into a kind of gruel (piyangûdaka) it is used as an emetic J i.419. See also kangu. — 2. a medicinal plant, Priyangu J v.420. BJTS glosses it puvaṅgu, Botanical dictionary = priyaṅgu = ruk gasa, Myristica Hersfieldia (Myris.), “a lofty tree…It produces fragrant flowers and seeds from its trunk.”↩

BJTS glosses as satpeti däsaman = “hundred-petaled” saman piccchcha mal, a fragrant species of jasmine, Jasminum sambac. Note that at [3432] BJTS says vassika is (regular) däsaman.↩

pāṭali is Sinh. paḷol, Bignonia suaveolens, sterospermum suaveolens (Bignon.), trumpet-flower tree, the Bodhi Tree of Vipassi Buddha. Cf. #71, #78, #96, #248, #369{372}.↩

sindhuvārita,Vitex negunda, a.k.a. Horshoe vitex, Five-leaved chaste tree, Sinh. nika↩

aṅkolaka, aṅkola, Alangium hexapetalum, a.k.a. sage-leaved alangium, Sinh. rukaṅguna↩

this is the BJTS spelling (no Sinhala gloss on the species). PTS (and BJTS alt.) reads tālakuṭṭhā↩

BJTS glosses galmal, “flowers growing on the rocks”↩

BJTS treats this as a six-footed verse, and doing so makes for much more coherent individual verses in the long list of plants which follows (this is true of the present verse, too; feet e-f refer back to a-d. I therefore follow the BJTS reading, and indicate the corresponding PTS verse numbers accordingly.↩

Sinh. araḷu, myrobalan, black- or chebulic myrobalan; Terminalia chebula. The list of fruits in this verse closely parallels that in TherAp #1, v. 33 [BJTS 168] above, but there the focus is on their flowers, not their fruits.↩

Sinh. nelli, emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry, a.k.a. Malacca tree, or amla; Phyllanthus emblica↩

amba, Magnifera indica↩

Sinh. damba, jambu, Syzygium samarangense↩

vibhīṭaka, Sinh. buḷu, Terminalia bellirica (sic bellerica), beleric myrobalan or bastard myrobalan. Together with myroblan proper (araḷu) and Indian gooseberry (nelli), bahera is one of the three myroblans upon which many Ayurvedic and Sinhala medicines are based; the dried nuts are typically pounded into powder which is then used in oils and other decoctions. Here, on the contrary, the reference is likely to the fresh fruit of these trees, which is also used in medicines and eaten (especially gooseberrry).↩

kola, Sinh. debara phala, Ziziphus Mauritania, Zizyphus Jujuba (Rham.), Indian jujube or Chinese apple.↩

bhallātakā, bhallī, badulla = semecarpus anacardium, Sinh. badulu↩

billā = fruit of Aegle marmelos, Sinh. beli geḍiya, bael, bel, Bengal quince; bilva or vilva tree, = beluvā↩

a fruit from which a drink is made, Sinh. boraḷu-damunu. BJTS equates it with ugurässa, Flacourtia Ramontchi, sweet lovi lovi, but RD says it is a bitter fruit. Bot. Dictionary says that boraḷu-damunu is a species of Eugenia.↩

tinduka = timbiri, diospyros embryopteris, a.k.a. Indian persimmon↩

piyal = buchanania latifolia↩

madhuka reading madhuk’ ekā; madhuka = mī gasa, bassia latifolia↩

BJTS glosses as Sinh. ät demaṭa, Bot. Dict: “a small timber tree that bears yellow flowers, Gmelina arborea (Verb.)↩

labuja = Artocarpus lacucha or incisa; Sinh. del. The fruit of the tree is cooked and eaten as a starchy vegetable.↩

panasa (Sinh. panā , kos) is the jak-fruit tree, Artocarpus integrifolia (Urti.)↩

kaḍalī, Sinh. kesel↩

reading badarī with BJTS, Sinh. gloss is ḍebara (= kola? ). PTS reads cchandarī° (?), alt. mandari (?)↩

ambāṭakā, RD: “the hog-plum, Spondias Mangifera (a kind of mango), Vin ii.17 (°vana), DA i.271 (°rukkha).” BJTS gloss ämbarälla, ämbärälla, a small, sour, mango-like fruit cooked as a curry.↩

= vallikā (?), Sinh. hīrässa, sivräs, sivrässa, Bot. Dict.: “a climbing plant edible when tender, having four winged stems and bearing red berries, Vitis quadrangularis (Ampel.)” Cf. RD vallī, s.v., “a climbing plant, a creeper, Vin iii.144; J v.37; vi.536; VvA 147, 335 (here as a root?).”↩

reading bījapura° (Sinh. gloss lapnāraṅga [= lapnāram], Bot. Dict. citron, Citrus medica) with BJTS for PTS viṭapā, “having branches,” a generic word for “tree”↩

this is the BJTS reading; PTS reads sapākā (RD: “dog-cooker, an outcaste”)↩

BJTS glosses vanamuŋ (jungle/wild mung)↩

this is the BJTS reading, for PTS cchora°. I don’t find either term in the dictionaries.↩

following BJTS reading of avaṭā (hātpasa, all around)↩

pakkabharitā↩

pilakkhā, the wave-leaved or wave-leafed fig tree, Ficus infectoria; (Bot. Dict. gives Ficus Arnottiana (Urti.)), Sinh. pulila↩

udumbara, the glomerous fig tree, Ficus Glomerata, Sinh. dimbul↩

pipphalī, Sinh. pippali mūl, the root of the long pepper, Piper longum, used in medicines.↩

maricchā, black pepper, allowed as medicine for the monks,↩

nigrodhā = Sinh. nuga, RD: the banyan or Indian fig-tree, Ficus Indica; Bot. dict.: milky fig tree, Ficus altissima (Urti.)↩

kapitthanā = kapittha, kapiṭṭha (already mentioned in v. 2 [3759] above), Feronia elephantum, Sinh. divul↩

udumbara, the glomerous fig tree, Ficus Glomerata, Sinh. dimbul↩

RD equates āluva with ālupa or āluka, “edible root of Amorphophallus CChampanulatus,” fr. Skt. ālu, āluka: a bulbous plant, Radix Globosa Esculenta or Amorphophallus (Kern), Arum CChampanulatum (Hardy), cognate with alium, good possibility is amorphophallus titanum, “titan arum”↩

kalamba, RD draws attention to Skt. kalambika, kalambuka = convulvulus repens, bindweed, but there are other possibilities including a tree menispermum calumba (but its fruits are poisonous/only used in controlled medical usages, unlikely?) and (following BJTS Sinh. gloss here) Anthocephalus Cadamba (Rub.), Sinh. kalamba↩

avidūre, lit., “not far from”↩

RD says this is a water-plant, a kind of lotus, referencing J iv.539; vi.47, 279, 564. Here BJTS glosses it as madāra tree [mountain-ebony, Bauhinia purpurea (Legum.)] and says the blossoms fell into the water from overhanging trees. Elsewhere BJTS gives different glosses: BJTS gloss at [324] is “a water-born plant named Mandālā”. At [171] BJTS Sinh. gloss is taḍāgayangen, “from the moss,” following its reading of [170] “well fixed [in the mosses]”. Bot. Dict. taḍāga = sevela. At [4231], [4233], [4313], [6332] the (or a) BJTS gloss is helmällen, heḷmäli = edible white water-lily, Nymphaea Lotus.↩

paduma-kiṇṇikā↩

tiṭṭhanti, lit., “stand,” “remain”↩

bhisamhā↩

sappi↩

muḷālibhi↩

kumudā↩

ketakā, Pandanus odoratissima, Sinhala väṭakē or väṭakeyiyā.↩

Sinhala banduvada, Latin pentapetes phoenicea↩

sugandhikā, lit., “good-scented”↩

“white-water,” RD = name of a plant or tree. BJTS gives no Sinhala equivalent.↩

kumbhīlā↩

suṃsumārā, lit., “child-killing,” is actually a different sort of crocodile, but to avoid the inevitable redundancy in English I have chosen to translate the term “alligator,” a species not actually found in this region.↩

gahakā, lit., “seizers.” BJTS glosses this as a third type of crocodile (gäṭa-kimbulō), underlining (as does my translation here) the main point that fierce water-beasts are born there.↩

uggāhaka, fr. ogāhati, ogāhana, plunging? = watersnakes? PTS spells the term ogaha (BJTS oguha) above, Sariputta-apadāna v. 19 = BJTS [158]↩

ajagarā. RD says “a large snake…a Boa Constrictor”↩

read pāṭhīna, Silurus Boalis, “a kind of shad” (RD); wikipedia gives “sheatfish,” related to catfish, includes all the siluridae. BJTS glosses peṭiyō↩

pāvusa, glossed as “large-mouth fish”, cf. pāgusa, patusa, BJTS glosses lūllu↩

reading valajā with BJTS, which treats it as a type of fish (Sinh. valayō), for PTS jalajā, lit., “water-born”, a generic word for “fish”.↩

muñja, more common as a kind of reed, also the name of a fish (BJTS glosses moddu), always in dvandva compound with rohita, “red-fish”↩

rohita, BJTS glosses reheru↩

reading maggurā with BJTS, which glosses the term as magurō, for PTS vaggula (= vagguli, bat? Or fr. vaggu, beautiful, hence “pretty fish”?)↩

or tortoises, macchcha-kacchchapa-sañcchhannā↩

reading pampaṭakehi with BJTS for PTS gives pappaṭakehi. BJTS Sinhala gloss huṇapupuḷangen (Sorata = uṇahapuḷu, “a small creature belonging to the vānara [monkey, ape] group”); a tailless monkey. Its high-pitched cry famously (and frighteningly) resembles that of a cobra. These monkeys presumably “cover” the lake in the trees that overhang it.↩

parevatā↩

ravihaŋsā↩

reading kukutthā with BJTS, which here glosses “that type of bird” but in gloss on [160] gives Sinh. valikukuḷō; PTS read kutthakā↩

reading dindibhā with BJTS (PTS: tiṭibhā), Sinh. gloss kirallu, kiraḷā = red-wattled or yellow-wattled lapwing. PSI dictionary gives “bluejay” (doubtful)↩

cchakkavākā, BJTS Sinh. gloss sakvālihiṇiyō = cchakravākayā, an aquatic bird, brahminy goose, btahmany kite, haliastur indus↩

BJTS reads cchampakā, without an explanation. I follow PTS here, though I understand the term on the basis of the BJTS gloss↩

jīvajīva, Sinh-Eng dict: äṭikukuḷa↩

kalandakā, Sinh. gloss lehenu, pl. of lēnā↩

ukkusa, RD. gives “osprey,” Sinh. gloss “the type of kabarässa [osprey] named “Ukkusa””.↩

senakā = sena, RD. “hawk”. SInh. gloss “the type of ukussa [hawk] named “Senaka””↩

koṭṭhakā, identification from RD, s.v.↩

reading sukapotā with BJTS for PTS sukkapotā (alt. suggapotā). BJTS takes sukapotā as suvapota, Sinh. gloss (on v. [160], above) = girāmalittō (= girāmaliccchchiyā), Ceylon lorikeet, loriculus indicus↩

kuḷīrā, Sinh. gloss kakuḷuvō↩

cchamarā↩

this is the BJTS reading for PTS kāreriyo↩

acchcha°, Sinh. gloss valassu↩

koka, etymological cousin of vāka, vṛka, above, see RD↩

taracchchā, Sinh. gloss kara bānā (‘submissive” “bent over”) valassu, Note BJTS omits the second mention of “wolves” so may be taking koka in compound with taracchchā (i.e., kokataracchchā), in specifying this particular type of bear (cf. Sorata, kara baāna valasā, s.v.)↩

vānarā↩

kinnarā↩

reading enimigā with BJTS for PTS enī migā (“those deer/beasts”). PSI dict. defines eṇi as “a type of antelope” (Sinh. muva vargayak, “a type of deer”); RD, eṇi, s.v.: “a kind of antelope,” “°miga, the eṇi deer”↩

varāhā, Sinh. gloss hūrō = ūrō↩

pasada, Sinh. gloss titmuvō, pl. of titmuvā, spotted deer, axis maculatus↩

khuddarūpakā, lit., “those that have small bodies” (in comparison with the three beasts already named, according to BJTS Sinh. gloss)↩

BJTS treats these as types of animals (sattvayō) without identifying them. Aggika means “one who worships the fire,” and jotika could be taken as people concerned with “illuminating” (workers who light lamps? some other sort of worshippers, say of the sun?); thus it is possible that these should be read as referring to two types of people living in the hermitage, rather than additional wild animals.↩

haŋsā↩

koñcchā, Sinh. kosvā lihiṇiyō↩

mayurā↩

reading °sālikā with BJTS for PTS °sahitā. Sāḷlka (Skt. śārika) = Sinh. säḷalihiṇiyō, Indian mynah birds↩

kokilā↩

the term means “flower-stalk,” but I follow BJTS in treating it as the name of another type of creature.↩

kosikā= kosiya, owl, Sinh. gloss bakmunuṇō↩

BJTS treats this as a type of bird↩

pisācchā↩

dānavā↩

kumbhaṇḍā↩

rakkhasā = rākṣasā↩

pannagā↩

mahānubhāvā isayo↩

kamaṇḍalu-dharā. This particular vessel is a distinctive mark of non-Buddhist ascetics.↩

jaṭā-bhāra-bharita, lit., “filled with braided top-knots and weights/heavy loads”.↩

yugamattañ ccha pekkhantā, lit., “looking ahead the extent of a plough,” i.e., just a little, keeping their eyes on the ground in front of them↩

gacchchanti, lit., “going”↩

reading sayañ ccha upasampannā with BJTS for PTS ayam ccha upasampanno (“and this is supplied”↩

pāṭihīrass’ idaŋ phalaŋ↩

lohadoṇiŋ gahetvāna↩

vanamajjhe, lit., “in the middle of the forest”↩

PTS read apassitā, BJTS reads avassitā; the terms are synonymous, and interchangeable.↩

reading uggatejāna with BJTS for PTS uggatejana↩

°saddena, lit., “with the sound”↩

or “trained:” vinītā↩

appamaññāsu kovidā, that is, skilled in the practice of “the godly states” (brahmavihārā), namely loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity.↩

reading abhilāsino with BJTS (and PTS alt.) for PTS abhilābhino, “obtaining”↩

samayaŋ saŋviditvāna↩

ātāpī, lit., “burning”↩

saŋviggamānaso↩

agalum, Sinh. agil, agaru, aguru↩

reading panasaṃ devagandhikaṃ with BJTS for PTS vansaṇḍe va gandhikaŋ (“scented in the forest grove”)↩

or “as large as an elephant’s frontal lobe:” kumbhamattaŋ↩

cchittaŋ, lit., “thoughts” or “mind”↩

lit., “having become one who has”↩

lit., “unshaken” “imperturbable”↩

lit., “coming into existence for”↩